advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform actadvantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act

<< The article highlights a number of inherent contradictions in the Strategy and argues that the central proposals of choice and diversity are unlikely to reduce the gap between disadvantage and . /Parent 12 0 R /TT0 120 0 R Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. /Properties << Top-down federal and state . /TT2 159 0 R /ExtGState << The objective of the K+12 programs is to improve quality of basic education. Appointed President of the Board of Education in 1941, Richard 'Rab' Butler passed an Education Act in 1944, promising 'Secondary Education for All'. >> /Properties << 0000005213 00000 n /Type /Catalog /TT0 120 0 R /Count 10 /StructParents 57 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Type /Page /ExtGState << /ExtGState << /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] /StructTreeRoot null /Rotate 0 They are academies . /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 10 0 R endobj << The Education Act 1998 defines educational disadvantage as "the impediments to education arising from social or economic disadvantage which prevent students from deriving appropriate benefit from education in schools". >> /Parent 3 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /LastModified (D:20040616154335) /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R 44 0 obj 89 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 6 >> /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /StructParents 31 /TT1 121 0 R /Prev 115 0 R 0000001418 00000 n << >> /StructParents 42 /Contents 258 0 R /MC0 129 0 R << This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Pages /Kids [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R] /Author (Tuomo Ruotanen) >> /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << endobj People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.. >> /Type /Pages /GS0 125 0 R The 1988 reform act led to league tables and the schools market - plus back-door selection and even corruption. /RBGroups [] << >> In the U.S. healthcare system, medical professionals are not employed by the government.Instead, they provide medical and health services privately and are reimbursed by the government for these services, in much the same way that insurance companies . >> Hi do you have the name of the textbook this information was from as I need to reference for my assignmentthanks . /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Meanwhile, there is growing concern about the unintended consequences of high-stakes accountability; off rolling pupils less likely to succeed, teaching to the test, manipulation of the curriculum and small but significant number of orphan schools that none of the new edu-providers want. << /Rotate 0 /Parent 11 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /OCGs [7 0 R] /Rotate 0 Three decades later, the tools of that market performance measures and inspection reports are a fact of life. /StructParents 54 /TT2 121 0 R << 35 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 endobj << /StructParents 17 2 0 obj Prior to the 1980s it was the Local Education Authorities which allocated pupils to schools in their local areas, and it was the Local Education Authorities which decided school numbers. /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << /Font << >> /Parent 11 0 R 4 0 obj The complex interaction between choice, admissions practices, house price and performance measures has led to segregation typified by schools with radically different profiles from their local communities. << /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 69 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << >> /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 77 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 9 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 15 0 R /Font << For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. The 1988 Education act gave more power to parents to choose which school to send their children too and more power to heads of school to manage their own budget, and these two changes together meant that Local Education Authorities lost a lot of their control over how education was managed at the county level. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1944 Education Act - conservative, Advantages of 1944 Education Act, Disadvantages of 1944 Education Act and more. /Filter /FlateDecode /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /Type /Page /Type /Page /Properties << Hi Karl, thanks for this really useful. /TT0 120 0 R And while many more young people are staying on to higher level qualifications than 30 years ago, and gaps in attainment by social group are starting to narrow, around 11% of 16- 24-year-olds are still not in employment, education or training. >> >> /TT0 120 0 R education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). /Font << /ExtGState << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] >> endobj >> /Contents 256 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] The New Right: Underlying Principles. 117 0 obj Inclusive education also benefits general education . 7 0 obj /Type /Page The New Right theorised that League tables would force schools to raise standards because no parent would want to send their child to a school at the bottom. >> The law has three basic objectives: Make more individuals eligible for affordable health insurance. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R endstream Sheldon Berman, Beyond discord: Resolving the tensions between charter and pu. /Type /Page /Parent 16 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /Rotate 0 /Contents 247 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] As the marketplace stabilized, some companies returned, and others continue to expand . /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Contents 230 0 R >> << 0000001632 00000 n endobj /StructParents 43 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Private schools have always operated on these principles they charge fees and compete with each other for customers. >> /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R xref endobj /Pages 2 0 R /StructParents 84 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << Alternative types of schooling in the UK Faith schools Independent Special schools Home schooling Task: Give a definition for each types of school and give at least three advantages and disadvantages. 0000008485 00000 n /GS0 125 0 R /Font << Popular schools havent expanded to accommodate all comers, as pure market advocates predicted, and failing schools have proved hard to close down. /Properties << /Kids [32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R] >> endobj /ExtGState << >> /TT1 121 0 R By 3 August 1944 the . 104 0 obj endobj /TT2 226 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Parent 13 0 R /Parent 11 0 R >> Thirty years ago, a single piece of legislation transformed the schools landscape, launching a national curriculum and key-stage testing, and devolving power from local authorities to heads. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations. /ExtGState << /Contents 246 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R The students with disabilities, such as auditory processing . /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> endobj /MC0 129 0 R /Font << /Resources << Initially, many health insurance companieslacking the information they needed to ensure their financial stabilityleft the ACA's marketplaces. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Kids [82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R] /GS0 125 0 R >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 159 0 R /Rotate 0 /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Proposing abolition of fees, maintenance grants and division of primary and secondary schools, this legislation was opposed by the Church of England and Roman Catholic communities, which feared loss of control to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). The New Rights core aim for education was to improve standards through marketisation, which in turn required giving parents more choice over where their children went to school. /D << >> >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj >> /Contents 251 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> endobj /ExtGState << /ModDate (D:20040618121405+03'00') /Order [] 10 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /Font << >> /Parent 12 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /Resources << /TT3 121 0 R 113 0 obj /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 121 0 R >> /Properties << /StructParents 10 Last September the Wakefield City academies trust gave up all its schools. 43 0 obj /Font << GCSEs and SATs were also introduced as part of the National Curriculum. << << >> << << Focusing on exam results and league table position causes stress for pupils as more pressure is put on them to perform well in SATS. /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> The Education Reform Act of 1988 gave the government the authority to control the programme of study at schools and established a . 60 0 obj /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 17 0 R /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << << endobj /Font << /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /Properties << To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below: Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content? The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. 25 0 obj /Contents [117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R] /Length 963 /Resources << >> /TT1 121 0 R /Properties << However, the disadvantages would also have to be taken into consideration as it is still unfair for the working class families, there are many aspect which contribute to this . 38 0 obj /Properties << /TT1 226 0 R 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] This will take effect in 2009. It was this that then set the scene for successful schools to be able to expand and failing schools to collapse (and, following further policy changes later on under New Labour and other successive governments) to be taken over by successful schools. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] However, no matter the intention, there are disadvantages of inclusive education as well. 111 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R >> /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] People are denied an education because of where they live, who they are, and how much money they have. Advantages: 1. H[F)NR/RgaUZU-eI|a c;93mo2w7D!E7>yO0OO8^i0&20*)D1$(Q6AK:;ZX#O85c(DgvXNh, The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences. 103 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 >> /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 /Font << >> /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << >> /Contents 249 0 R << endobj >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] endobj Societies benefit as well. endobj /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Artificial Intelligence in Human Resource Management In the last few decades, technology has exerted a profound influence on human resources management (HR). /Rotate 0 /TT2 121 0 R /Resources << /Resources << >> /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R The tables are published in many newspapers and online. >> Situated in one of the most deprived parts of the country, it was propelled into the national headlines when the former cabinet minister and local parent Oliver Letwin proclaimed at a Tory party conference fringe meeting that he would rather beg on the streets than send his children to the school closest to where he lived. /TT0 120 0 R >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /StructParents 19 /Contents 285 0 R /Contents 255 0 R 90 0 obj <>stream /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Resources << endobj /GS0 125 0 R This is achieved through making schools compete with one another for pupils and government funding, in the same way in which businesses compete with each other for customers, sales and profits. /Resources << More accountability provided a great opportunity for my generation of school leaders to prove ourselves and the national curriculum was right because it reduced inequality, even if it has been undermined by academy freedoms. >> 58 0 obj And Phillipss school, Lilian Baylis Technology School, in Lambeth, south London, would appear to exemplify the benefits of this approach to public services. >> >> The Education Reform Act (1988): introduced the national curriculum, league tables, and standardised testing. >> Ball, Bowe & Gerwitz investigated to see what impact the policies were having. /GS0 125 0 R >> >> /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /Font << endobj /MC0 129 0 R >> >> Weaknesses. /Resources << 54 0 obj /Type /Page >> << Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. /Parent 10 0 R 0000019248 00000 n In the past six months I have been researching a new book, The Best For My Child. /StructParents 39 /StructParents 34 >> /StructParents 20 >> 17 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Theres also the fact that no successive government has actually changed the fundamental foundations of the act, which suggests its working. /GS0 125 0 R /Names [ 309 0 R] 56 0 obj >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /StructParents 27 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R 97 0 obj /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R endobj << /ExtGState << /Parent 14 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 16 0 R /Dest [110 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] 72 0 obj /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 Schools see middle class students as easy to teach and likely to perform well. /Count 10 Not all students learn at the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities. /TT1 121 0 R /TT1 226 0 R A market is always going to have winners and losers. /TT1 226 0 R 0000017863 00000 n Disadvantages of Inclusive Education. >> /StructParents 76 From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. /Parent 2 0 R /Properties << >> 0000052072 00000 n /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Font << /Font << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] << Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. 84 0 obj & Berliner David C. 1992. . /Type /Page Access to better education. /Font << /GS0 125 0 R /Font << << /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R History. /Properties << /TT1 121 0 R The 1988 Conservative Education Reform Act established the National Curriculum, the main advantage as cited in Haralambos & Holborn, (2000), was that it set a consistent standard across the country, in an attempt to promote equality. >> One recent 2018 survey of primary school teachers found that more than 90% of primary school teachers think SATS impact negatively on their pupils well-being. >> >> << /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /TT2 226 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page >> >> >> >> >> /Type /Page 50 0 obj >> /Parent 3 0 R /Font << /Resources << Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. << /StructParents 16 /Parent 2 0 R After 30 years of 'go compare', English education is a wild west. /Resources << [29th July 1988] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- . The Tory minister Oliver Letwin once said he would rather beg than send his children there. >> /ExtGState << << >> /Parent 13 0 R << >> 19 0 obj >> >> /ExtGState << Also, just because powerful governments have expanded marketisation on a global scale, this doesnt necessarily mean it works for everyone, and there are plenty of criticisms of the negative consequences of the 1988 Education Act as below, Below I summarize EIGHT criticisms of the 1988 Education Act, Concern has been expressed over the harmful effects of over-testing on pupils, especially younger pupils. Education Reform Act (1988) Aims To raise standards To make schools more accountable To run schools on 'market principles' and improve efficiency/competition To give parents (consumers) greater choice Creating an education 'market' so that schools were competing against each other for 'customers' (pupils). << >> /Type /Page /Type /Pages /Properties << >> /Contents 253 0 R >> >> Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page >> /Font << 0000009252 00000 n /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /Font << /Parent 15 0 R /Rotate 0 >> >> /Parent 17 0 R The view that the 1988 Education Reform Act is influential in terms of controlling and progressing schools further could be seen as decisive, one reason being it could be a means of achieving control of the curriculum and the assessment, enabling them to progress and monitor there spending control, as well as the rise in the standards of school in terms of the competition and choice. >> ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. /StructParents 85 48 0 obj %PDF-1.4 Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Advantages & disadvantages of The education reform act 1988. /Properties << /Contents 265 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> << /StructParents 1 endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /Contents 298 0 R Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] (In literal terms, it means the rule of the parents.). >> /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << /Contents 236 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << << /Parent 12 0 R /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R 0000003223 00000 n /Rotate 0 /StructParents 73 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Last 114 0 R There were no league tables, no Ofsted, no academies or free schools. /Font << /Font << Societies with high rates of education completion have lower crime, better overall health, and civic involvement. /Properties << /Properties << >> >> The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. >> Those who get an education have higher incomes, have more opportunities in their lives, and tend to be healthier. /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 267 0 R /Kids [102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R] >> /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /Font << /Resources << /Contents 245 0 R << endobj /Font << 116 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /Font << >> /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 59 0 obj >> From 1988 funding to individual schools was based on how many pupils enrolled in that school. /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /TT2 159 0 R >> /Type /Page /Properties << /Resources << << << >> endobj /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << >> >> Educational disadvantage is demonstrated in many ways, most often in poor levels of participation and achievement in the . 106 0 obj >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 66 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /StructParents 38 /GS0 125 0 R >> minimal competition for funding the policy wont work unless parents a choice over which school to send their pupils to! /Type /Page /Contents 219 0 R /Type /Page >> /Rotate 0 An emphasis on individual freedom responsibility (they are against the welfare state). /Contents 263 0 R /Contents 224 0 R Back in 1988 these League Tables were only available as government publications and in schools prospectuses, but obviously today these have evolved so that they are now searchable for any school online!League Tables today, accessible online! /TT2 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 0000006904 00000 n /StructParents 50 /Properties << /StructParents 70 by Fiona Millar will be published by John Catt this month, Parental choice in education has created the worst of all worlds, School admissions: why complaining to the watchdog will get you nowhere. endobj /Properties << /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 12 0 R >> /Contents 274 0 R endobj >> endobj /Parent 12 0 R critical areas of reform which the policymakers may consider in crafting legislative interventions to broaden and reinforce further the gains of land reform in the country. >> 36 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page If the states in the U.S. are in charge of setting their own standards of education, then it creates a system where every territory, district, and legislature could set their own expectations for curriculum development. >> /Contents 250 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /TT3 121 0 R << /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page >> /Nums [0 21 0 R] /ExtGState << The most far-reaching package of changes to the previously 'un-meritocrial' education system was introduced in the 1988 Education Reform Act. /Resources << 12 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /TT1 121 0 R /StructParents 36 /TT0 120 0 R >> 0000003657 00000 n >> Barely 10% of its pupils achieved five good GCSEs and attendance was chronically low. /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R >> Poverty Reduction. >> /Font << /PieceInfo << /Properties << Intake and its social class still influences how some parents make their choices and these subtle forces influence selection.. /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R >> *SJj4Tf << >> /Parent 15 0 R >> The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. >> >> /StructParents 59 >> Stephen Ball talks of the school/ parent alliance: Middle class parents want middle class schools and schools want middle class pupils. /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Prev 113 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. << /GS0 125 0 R 87 0 obj 46 0 obj /TT2 226 0 R 64 0 obj 13 0 obj 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R /Type /Page Pros Explained. /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT3 159 0 R Because so many people do not have an education, when they get older, it is damaging their life and the world as a whole. /Resources << Today it is outstanding on every count, oversubscribed and achieving impressive results with a diverse intake. endobj /GS0 125 0 R /C2_0 232 0 R /Contents 227 0 R >> /Parent 15 0 R >> 41 0 obj /Type /Page >> /TT0 120 0 R 57 0 obj <> endobj 0000002452 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R Did the schools market deliver?, which looks back at the 30 years since the passage of the 1988 act. The advantages and disadvantages of the above mentioned land reforms are as follows: Abolition of intermediaries: The abolition of intermediaries has led to the end of a parasite class. << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] << 57 0 obj /Properties << << /Resources << /Type /Page /MarkedPDF << /ExtGState << /TT1 121 0 R << >> << /Type /Page . >> 32 0 obj /Type /Page /Rotate 0 Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. /Resources << /Parent 9 0 R /StructParents 7 >> endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 13 0 R /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R The unease Phillips voices about the market reforms came through interviews with many of the key players in recent education reform. /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 2 0 R >> >> /TT1 226 0 R /Parent 11 0 R << /Rotate 0 << /ExtGState << /Resources << << /TT1 226 0 R /Type /Pages /GS0 125 0 R >> /TT1 121 0 R >> /Properties << /Contents 290 0 R The New Right introduced school league tables in which schools were ranked based on their exam performance in SATs, GCSES, and A levels. /Contents 304 0 R /Properties << /Resources << /Parent 9 0 R Like Tony Blair 60 years later, the authors of the 1944 Act - this time definitely including Butler - took the view that religious education was a public good, whose responsibility should be shared between state-run and religious schools, and they legislated an unevenly balanced 'dual system' to accommodate it, apparently indefinitely. endobj Parent choice is here to stay, but the current lull in domestic policy could provide an opportunity for reflection on what has worked in the past 30 years and what could change in the future. >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Title >> /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /GS0 125 0 R 100 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 77 0 obj /StructParents 18 >> /Parent 16 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> >> /GS0 125 0 R >> /Type /Page /Contents 269 0 R << /TT2 226 0 R >> /Contents 297 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> /ExtGState << >> /ExtGState << >> >> /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] < GCSEs and SATs were also introduced as part of the National Curriculum, league tables, civic. 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