doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.5.2789-2792. Wolbachia infection reduces blood-feeding success in the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Sci. The great diversity of molecules produced by filamentous fungi justifies the exploration of these microorganisms, and therefore, the development of production systems in bioreactors has been encouraged. Generalized Transduction. Nature 499, 431437. Acad. doi: 10.1039/9781849732765-00227, Anupama, and Ravindra, P. (2000). In generalized transduction, a bacterial host cell is infected with either a virulent or a temperate bacteriophage engaging in the lytic cycle of replication. Nat. This has been crucial in determining the structure-function relation of proteins, as well as for developing a better understanding of immune system reactions, cell biology, and signaling events. Nanomedicine 8, 18951898. 15, 33. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3. (2016). Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell sorting for high intracellular pH. Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 . (2017). The growth and potential of human antiviral monoclonal antibody therapeutics. C R Sances Acad. Applications of Microbiology in various industries i.e Health industry, Food industry, Cosmetic industry, Biofuel industry, bioelectronics industry, Agriculture industry, Water. Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biodegradable polymers with a range of applications. For miRNA, only one of the two strands binds to RISC. Cell Fact. 5, 14. 1. LB participated in writing and critically reviewed all content. (2016). Microbiol. Bioelectron. Cytotechnology 53, 121125. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual's genomic sequence. Genetically engineered wine yeast produces a high concentration of L-lactic acid of extremely high optical purity. Molecular biology will generate new manufacturing capabilities for synthetic biology-based products that will bring major benefits. These macromolecules are modified by chemical and/or engineering methods using molecular biology techniques to display better pharmacological properties, such as higher activity, greater stability, fewer side effects, and lower immunogenicity (Beck, 2011; Jozala et al., 2016). (2016). These decisions must be made while considering the entire technological framework currently available, including transgenics and recombinant DNA, such that incentives exist so that microbiology research can be converted into products and services for society (Figure 5). The history of the use of biotechnological techniques by humanity is confounded by the history of the establishment of microbiology as a science. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2006.06.007, Takagi, H., and Shima, J. MAbs represent one of the largest classes of drugs in development, and between 2010 and 2014, 17 of the 54 protein drugs approved were mAbs (31.5%). 16, 337353. Microbial cellulose-the natural power to heal wounds. Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry ; Chapter 8 - Microbial Metabolism ; Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth ; Chapter 10 - Biochemistry of the Genome ; Chapter 11 - Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 12 - Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 13 - Control of Microbial Growth ; Chapter 14 - Antimicrobial Drugs Prog. In general, these vaccines are effective stimulators of humoral immune responses, but in many cases, multiple doses are required for long-term immunity since they do not stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or cytotoxic T cell responses because the virus does not replicate. Microb. Microbiol. Crit. Protein extracted from cultivated microbial biomass (single-cell protein SCP) can be used for protein supplementation in basic diets, replacing expensive conventional sources and alleviating the problem of protein shortages (Anupama and Ravindra, 2000). Util. Adham, N. Z. Bio-Hydrometallurgy 7. J. Bioelectron. aeschynomene can induce symptoms of anthracnose in Aeschynomene virginica, thus controlling this legume, which is a rice and soybean weed. Genetics 184, 917. Gene transfer and movement 4. Classic methods of studying gene function . doi: 10.1128/AEM.03114-15, Marasco, W. A., and Sui, J. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Microbial production of scent and flavour compounds. Vaccine 29, 48814890. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that antibiotic-resistant bacteria infect more than two million people annually (Nizet, 2015). Cancer 6, 753763. Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. The OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides releasing protons, whose concentration is proportional to the amount of substrate analyzed (Mulchandani et al., 1998; Kim H. J. et al., 2016). 2, 396409. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 1. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.11.012, Andersen, T., Strand, B. L., Formo, K., Alsberg, E., and Christensen, B. E. (2012). J. In cytoplasmic incompatibility, fertilization of females not infected with Wolbachia by infected males results in embryonic mortality. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1131372, Walker, T., Johnson, P. H., Moreira, L. A., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Frentiu, F. D., McMeniman, C. J., et al. Curr. Bior. Genetic Engineering: Application # 1. 4, 189202. doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.03.031, Paterson, R. R. M. (2006). Biomaterials are artificial or natural products, usually synthesized by microorganisms in different environmental conditions, that can act in biological systems (tissues or organs). Immunol. (2016). Res. Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. 90, 5360. Acta 568, 200210. Combined treatment of textile effluent using the sequence Phanerochaete chrysosporium-ozone. Bioanal. (2017). (2016). Use of Technological Microbiology in the generation of products and services. Yale J. Biol. 39, 235251. In addition, the recombinant DNA technique has facilitated the availability of microbial biosensors in the market, providing a new direction to manipulate their selectivity and sensitivity at the DNA level. Microbes 4, 127142. 33, 20782097. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23764. Traditional covalent linkages between carbohydrates and carrier proteins have been used to increase immune responses to polysaccharide antigens (Nishat and Andreana, 2016), thereby obtaining conjugate vaccines. Polymyxins: a new hope in combating Gram-negative superbugs? (2015). Seed coating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an ecotechnological approach for sustainable agricultural production of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). (2005). J. Pediatr. US 2008/0138469. Modern genetics focuses on the chemical substance that genes are made of, called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and the ways in which it affects the chemical reactions that constitute the living processes within the cell. 11:e1131372. Biochemical aspects of genetics: the operon. 3, 1219. Biotechnol. The major microorganisms explored as biofactories are the bacterium E. coli, followed by the yeast S. cerevisiae; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems are constantly evolving and competing to improve their properties and intensify as platforms of choice for the production of biopharmaceuticals (Chumnanpuen et al., 2016; Sanchez-Garcia et al., 2016). Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. Microbial alginate production, modification and its applications. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections. Imp. In addition to increasing progress in the production of vaccines and MAbs, technological advances have also increased the availability of new drugs, such as antibiotics and hormones. Currently, a potentially viable alternative for the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of genetically modified microorganisms. Microbiol. Peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and tyrosinases obtained from microorganisms such as P. syringae, Arthromyces ramosus, and Agaricus bisporus may be applied to the removal of phenols, biphenols, and chlorophenols (Tatsumi et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998; Akay et al., 2002; Kampmann et al., 2014). J. Bacteriol. Through these various global approaches, scientists continue to collect, compile, and analyze large amounts of genetic information. Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics notes - Some of the key applications of microbial genetics - Studocu Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics notes modern applications of microbial genetics notes microbial genetics has wide range of modern applications in Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Most organic acids are natural products or intermediates of the microbial metabolism present in important metabolic pathways (Sauer et al., 2008). Proc. (2008). Crop Prot. Srivastava, R. K., Ichhpujani, R. I., Khare, S., Rai, A., and Chauhan, L. S. (2011). Proc. Sci. Superbugthe so-called NDM-1. Barua, R., Alam, M. J., Salim, M., and Ashrafee, T. S. (2016). (2008). McRae, C. F. (1988). At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. (2017). (2007). Protein carriers of conjugate vaccines: characteristics, development, and clinical trials. Removal of phenol from wastewater using membrane-immobilized enzymes Part II. Natl. doi: 10.1126/science.2448875, Saitoh, S., Ishida, N., Onishi, T., Tokuhiro, K., Nagamori, E., Kitamoto, K., et al. The metabolic engineering of molecules from microorganisms has been stimulated mainly by the need for new functional biomaterials in emerging drugs (nanostructured or not) (Vzquez and Villaverde, 2013). Nat. Biochem. Wast Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.026, Bian, G., Xu, Y., Lu, P., Xie, Y., and Xi, Z. The hepatitis B antigen is purified from yeast cultures and administered to patients as a vaccine. Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. Samuel, D. (1996). This bacterium can accumulate approximately 80% of its dry mass in polymer and uses different types of substrates, such as glucose, fructose, and crude glycerin (Figueiredo et al., 2014). doi: 10.1038/nrd4363, Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., and Hinrichsen, G. (2000). Hence, chemicals produced naturally by the microorganisms could be tested, such as teixobactin, the first compound of a new important class of antibiotics. This functional characteristic of Trichoderma and other biocontrol species responds to the increasing call for practices that minimize the side effects left by pesticides, such as resistance in pest populations, reduction of soil and water quality, and the generation of residues with harmful effects on non-target organisms. Vaccin. 70, 41404145. Selection and characterisation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains for use as probiotics. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. Optimization of fermentation media for xanthan gum production from Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.101, Kim, K. R., Song, Y. H., Seo, J. H., and Kang, D. G. (2016). 5, 396. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7432.1, Cook, P. E., McMeniman, C. J., and ONeill, S. L. (2008). Brown, J., and Lauderdale, C. (2006). (2008). doi: 10.1002/ecy.1514. 93, 125130. Amylases obtained from cultures of Aspergillus niger (e.g., Omemu et al., 2005; Djekrif-Dakhmouche et al., 2006; Adejuwon et al., 2015) or Bacillus subtilis (e.g., Ploss et al., 2016; Salman et al., 2016), for example, have been used in place of chemical additives in the treatment of wheat flour (e.g., Bueno et al., 2016), improving the preparation of dough for baking and allowing the acquisition of pre-cooked foods. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). A Suggested nomenclature for bacterial host modification and restriction systems and their enzymes. Nature 523, 208211. J. Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis. f. sp. Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by Trichoderma harzianum. Biotechnol. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). J. Ind. (2016). Proc. 57, 790804. Many factors determine the microbial community present during composting, but under aerobic conditions, temperature is the main factor determining not only the microbial types but also the species diversity and metabolic rate (Hassen et al., 2001). 4, 135176. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.001, Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. 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