Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Water can be drained from shallow areas, or the bed raised, making the land available for development. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation pro- duction, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. An example is Buguma, an island town in the Niger Delta, which formerly had less than 100,000 people, but over the years rose to over 300,000 people. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. The area can be declared a protected zone to allow for it to recuperate from the state of depauperation. The average temperature in Nigeria is 28 degrees Celsius or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Map of Niger Delta Nigeria (circled) bordering the Atlantic Ocean has the biggest mangrove forests in Africa. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. Residents and activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed land also threaten the area's environment. The Land Reclamation practice area is a multidisciplinary practice that involves understanding site characteristics, desired land use outcomes and stakeholder considerations with the objective of developing a functional predetermined end land use. Minna. Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Submitted: June 20th, 2018 Reviewed: October 15th, 2018 Published: January 8th, 2020, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. But ecology sees farther ahead.. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. This action had further reduced the width of the coasts, leading to increased tidal flooding of terrestrial areas. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. 5 Princes Gate Court, The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. Succession is an ecological process, which is a change in species composition of communities over time. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. The dumping of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants and increases the heavy metal concentration of the soil [3]. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. Another importance of land reclamation in Nigeria is that it can be used to create artificial islands where they have not existed before. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Economic land on the other hand, is part of physical land that can be used to produce economic commodities for mans satisfaction [2]. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. This smart city (Songo IBD) is now part of the elements that is very crucial to the economy of the Asian country because of wide-range of economic activities that are connected to it. We provide you with the latest breaking news. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. A combination of these activities leads to the acidification of the river causing fish deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine organisms. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. 1. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. People participation is very important in landscape reclamation because it would provide a consensus view on land use to the host community [19]. Probably half of The Netherlands is a reclaimed land from the sea. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. Narrating their ordeal to Premium Times last year, the residents whose hope of economic survival has been tampered with, have tales of woe to tell concerning their awful experience. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. Physical land covers all the earth including land surface, sub-surface, under water and super surface (atmosphere). We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. An example is the establishment of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Bonny Island in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. 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Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. This is a natural ecological restoration. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. Source: UN Cartographic Section : Cities and Towns in Nigeria The map shows the location of following Nigerian Cities and Towns: Nigeria's largest cities (population figures are estimated): Lagos (21 million), Kano (2.5 - 3 million), Ibadan (3.2 million), Abuja Other Cities and Towns in Nigeria: Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. The suggested solution to revert an already devastated area is by applying natural and human mediated ecological principles to facilitate land and coastal recovery [20]. Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. Potential environmental impact of land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. This leads to the death or migration of amphibious species along the coast. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. These areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic potential. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. Together the system of management is called ecosystem management, which is a way of managing reserve to benefit biodiversity and people. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. Mangroves are regarded as land forming organisms [10]. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. By, this, the land reclaimed is therefore known as reclamation ground or land fill. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. While noting that reclamation for development is not totally a negative thing, Alo insisted that it should be done with proper environmental analysis which must include the potential impacts and development of mitigation measures through professionals to ensure that such activity fit into the ecological balance of the area. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. This situation had led to the loss of many species. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. London, SW7 2QJ, There is nowhere along this zone that is more than 200 meters. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. Other areas in the world that land reclamation has taken place are: Mumbai (India), Giant Sea Wall in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila Bay (Phillipines), Kobe (Japan), Aukland, Wellington and Dunedin (New Zealand), Palm Deira, Yas Island and Al Lulu Island (UAE), and so on. Before reclamation the site is cleared, which leads to the destruction of native plant species within the reclaimed area [3]. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. This could lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic resources. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. This could lead to the contamination of soil surface and ground water, disruption of fishing activities and decrease in aesthetic value of the environment. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. In a classical case of land recuperation after landscape reclamation at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, recruitment occurred through natural process within a space of 13years. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. roads, buildings, industries and parks. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. 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