Are Foxes Canines or Felines? Diet: Girdled snails feed on a variety of plant materials. The disc-like shell has a reddish-brown color, yet the animal inside has a blue-gray tone. Ragwort, thistles, and hogweed are among the plants that this land snail consumes. Nerite snails are relatively hardy creatures and can tolerate a wide range of different water parameters. https://dev.michigan.local/som/json?sc_device=json, Use the Midwest Invasive Species Information Network, Prohibited and Restricted Species in Michigan, Find Your Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area. White Garden Snail 3. 3. All species in the Lym . These are a very small species of snails, and they get their name because of their preference for destruction in greenhouses and in orchards. Their body is often pale-yellow or blue-gray and the shell varies in size from 7-13 mm long and 5-6 mm high. The shell has 5-6 whorls and the opening of the shell is oval. The fact that they have lived for millennia is presumably due to the mechanisms described above. Tiger nerite snails have different size black dots, which usually create a big thick line across their shell. Some people might find these snails boring because they are not that pretty in terms of coloration and pattern. Here is more information about this type of snail: Some sun thorn snails even have a wrinkle pattern on their shell, which makes them more detailed and pretty. Their shells can grow up to 1.25 inches in diameter. 1. Carthusian Snail Invasive Species Alert - Printable PDF. It is about 8.3 to 9.1 inches in length with a weight of approximately 1.5 to 1.7 ounces. Zebra nerite snails have a very appealing shell, that is easily recognizable. The Mollusca of Michigan. The main reasons they are popular are because they have stunning, colorful shells and can clean up waste with ease. Both species tend to prefer dry habitats away from standing water sources, such as woodlands and prairies. Like most snails, Chinese mystery snails are hosts to many parasites. Apple snails are a general term for larger freshwater snails. Rock Bass. Only very recently have they been detected in inland streams and rivers. If the apex (the tip of the shell) is pointed its an Achatina, if its blunt its an Archachatina. The other one has to de with an Oxychilus sp. Every red racer snail has a unique pattern on their shell. In antiquity, this snail was regarded as a vital source of sustenance in Scotland. They have a flattened shell shape with a relatively large umbilicus (hole on the center of the shell's underside in some species). Very large about the size of an average-sized adult fist. This is a result of evolution, and it helps the snail move around quicker. The operculum (lid that seals the aperture) is roundly ovate with 4-5 rapidly enlarging spirals (paucispiral), and is about 1 mm in width. Nerite Snail 3. Mediterranean Green Snail (Cantareus apertus), 4. Diet: Snails are omnivorous, but their diet consists mainly of a wide variety of ornamental plants, weeds, flowers, fruits and vegetables. This type is mostly a herbivore, consuming green vegetables, fruits, grasses, and other plants as its primary source of nutrition. US Status: No Status/Not Listed
Snails have genitalia that are similar to those of both sexes, which classifies them as hermaphrodites. Nerite snails mainly eat algae, and fish poop is not a reliable food source for them. It is quite certain though that both are Oxychilus species. The Roman snail used to be found only in Europe, but it is now found all over the world. Mystery Snail 2. Lymnaeidae. Common Name of Lizards Image Credit: Michael Benard, Shutterstock. Key Characteristics. Despite many of them sharing the same features, they all have different diets, prefer different habitats, and come in unique shades. You might also like to read:Freshwater Snail Eggs in Fish Tank: What To Do? The two drooping antennae on the top of the head look similar to long rabbit ears. The orchid snail has a small light brown shell that is around a quarter of 6 millimeters in diameter. 68pp. This species is restricted in Michigan - possession of this specie is illegal except for . Photo courtesy of Roberta Zimmerman, USDA APHIS, Bugwood.org. The coloration of these species is also very different, some snails mainly have red color dominating their shell, while others have just a little bit of red. Apple Snail 4. The snail is protected under CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) and the species is listed in the IUCN Red List as near threatened. Although it is indigenous to Africa, this snail kind may now be encountered on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. Every type of snail has a different habitat preference. Do Kuhli Loaches Eat Snails? It is different because traditionally nerites have a dark body color. This process is called estivation. Asian clams are generally found on, or slightly buried in sediment in freshwater systems. The giant African land snail is one of the largest snail species in the world. Most snails are hermaphrodites, which means they can be both a female and a male. They keep adding more calcium carbonate to the edge until the snail reaches adult size. Here is more information about horned nerite snails: Although every horned nerite snail is different, these species are fairly common. On the other hand, they are not typically capable of reproducing by themselves. The ivory to a medium brown shell of the Roman snail accounts for two-thirds of its total weight. They feed on all types of invertebrates like worms, slugs, insects, spiders, and snails. The shells tend to be brown to yellow with a white band on the widest part. Gold Inca Snails 9. This species of water shrew is an omnivore eating aquatic insects, small fish, plants, and snails. (Cantareus aspersa) Other than that, nerites are extremely peaceful, and really dont bother anyone, since they live their own life. Wrinkled dune snails have a shell that is pale white or yellow with brown spots or bands. Every snail can have a different pattern, which means breeding these snails can also result in cool-looking snail offspring. Bladder Snail. The animals that make the shells can be quite different - ranging from snails to squids to brachiopods. Shell is brownish with dark brown vertical stripes on at least half of the length of the shell. Berry, E.G. Aperture (opening of shell) is typically the darkest part of the shell in adults. The main difference between the two lipped snails is that the brown-lipped snail has a brown band around the shell opening. Types of Snails. Since watercress is an exotic invasive species of European origin and has only become common in our streams since the early 1900's, it is unlikely that the snail is limited to this plant species. 350 hectares of suburban and market gardens. In the 1980s, this type of snail was found infesting over 350 hectares of suburban and market gardens. They find their food in places such as trees, the barks of trees, cereals, and even flowers. Another difference between slugs and snails is their behavior and habitat. Natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in Michigan, especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state. Violet Sea Snail 11. Habitat: Girdled snails are often found to aggregate in large numbers in gardens and on hedges. Types of Freshwater Aquarium Snails Mystery Snail Nerite Snail Apple Snail Assassin Snail Rabbit Snail Commonly called by a variety of names including the Roman snail, the Burgundy snail or the vineyard snail. It is also known as the apple snail. The reason snails have external shells is due to evolution. These species have a very distinctive appearance and can have stripes, dots, and all other sorts of weird lines on their shell. Scientific Name: Physella acuta. Juvenile snails, on the other hand, consume algae and debris. White Lipped Snail 7. This site is owned and operated by Digital Foresights Ltd. Digital Foresights Ltd is a participant in the Amazon Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The shell is slightly flattened and has six to seven whorls. Brown garden snails have a brown body with a shell that tends to be brown, tan and yellow with swirls, bands, and flecks. They are now found in the US but are considered a pest as they can negatively affect the health of an ecosystem. However, this investment can be easily managed and reduced with the right preparation. Data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed. Keep in mind that there are several non-native species as well, which should be avoided if looking to keep a native biotope. These snails can get up to nearly five inches in length, and they have only been around since the 1980s. The gigantic African land snail is the most often seen invasive snail species, and it is well-known for causing extensive harm to agricultural plants and crops in its native habitat. Notable species include: Helix pomatia (rare though, I'm not sure if there's any populations left . Thiswebsite provides access to the list of freshwater gastropods (snails) in Canada and the United States as determined by the 2013 American Fisheries Society (AFS) Endangered Species Committee (ESC) on freshwater gastropods. See my Affiliate Disclosure for more details. https://dev.michigan.local/som/json?sc_device=json, Use the Midwest Invasive Species Information Network, Prohibited and Restricted Species in Michigan, Find Your Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area. 50+ Snakes In Florida: ID Guide with Facts, Photos, Chart and more, Turtle vs Tortoise: 7 Key Differences Detailed with Images and Facts, 16+ Strongest Bite Force in the Animal Kingdom, 36 Species of Lizards in California: ID Guide, Chart & Pictures, Reticulated Python: All About The Longest Snake in the World, How Long Do Bees Live? University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. The only reason that people ever want this snail in their fish tanks is that it is very colorful and looks pretty neat. This species is found on watercress (Naturtium officianale or Rorippa naturtium-aquaticum) in small lakes and ponds, springs, and spring-fed streams. A Spectrum of Electrons: What Color is Lightning? Our content is reader-supported. Michigan Invasive Species Invasive Species: Carthusian Snail Identify and Report Mollusks Carthusian Snail Carthusian Snail ( Monacha cartusiana) *Detected in Michigan* PROHIBITED IN MICHIGAN Report this species: Use the Midwest Invasive Species Information Network (MISIN) online reporting tool Native Range: Mediterranean region and southeastern Europe. Slugs and snails are the same things, but some slugs have internal shells instead of shells found outside of their body. Shells tend to be brown to yellow with a white band on the widest part. The best thing to do is to provide lots of places for snails to hide. Shells can reach 20 cm (8 in) in length and 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. This snail species is closely related to the white-lipped snail. Most people are amazed by the looks of these species, since every snail always looks different, unlike zebra nerite snails. Some red-mouth nerite snails have red bodies, so when they appear on the glass, it looks like a big red blob is slowly moving across your aquarium. There are two types of Helix aspersa snails: Helix aspersa maxima (Gros gris) Helix aspersa muller (Petit gris) Related article: What do snails eat? The Michigan Invasive Species Program is a joint effort of the departments of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy; Natural Resources; and Agriculture and Rural Development. Common Periwinkle 10. This website provides access to the list of imperiled freshwater and diadromous fishes of North America as determined by the 2008 American Fisheries Society (AFS) Endangered Species Committee (ESC) on Fishes. Golden, azure, striped, and ivory are just a few of the hues available. Native to Europe, this large snail is edible and considered a delicacy to some Europeans. Like other families in their order, lymnaeids have a single pair of sensory tentacles on the head, and an eye at the base of each tentacle. Garden snails are a food source for some animals like lizards, frogs, and worms. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. About two-thirds of a Roman snails weight is its shell. While some snails may still need another snail to reproduce, others can do it on their own via asexual reproduction. Range: USA, Canada, Mexico, Central America, Greater Antilles. One of the less popular types of nerite snails on this list is the red-mouth nerite snail. The Asian clam is a small (less than an inch), yellow to light-brown clam with well defined, concentric grooves. Snails are molusks which belong to the gastropod class. Even if you have pots with various plants in them, you have to watch out for these snails, because they can easily get inside and underneath the pot. Slugs and snails have natural enemies. Among the foods consumed by this snail are plants, fruits, vegetables, blossoms, and other botanicals as well. The shells color ranges from almost white to tan or brown and usually have darker concentric rings. It is also known as a tiger eye nerite snail because the shell of this type of nerite can sometimes resemble an eye of a tiger. Roman snails are active in late spring until around October. They are quiet, easy to look after and are good with children. Invasive Animals of Michigan. Rabbit Snail 14. The majority of land snails have two sets of tentacles, with the top one carrying the eyes and the bottom one carrying the olfactory organs, as seen in the illustration. A typical adult walleye measures 22.3 inches and may go up to 42 inches long. The Rarest Color Types Of Mystery Snail Finally, we'll take a look at the mystery snail varieties having the rarest colors. Snails are mollusks that belong to theGastropoda class. Here are the preferred things you should know about nerite snails: Nerite snails are considered to be one of the best algae eaters in the aquarium hobby, so many people include them in their tanks for maintenance purposes. Here is more information about tiger nerite snails: Red racer nerite snails are probably one of the most beautiful types of nerite snails in the aquarium hobby. Another reason mystery snails make fantastic pets is their peaceful personality. It is a land snail that breathes air and whose shell is creamy to light brown with darker brown bands. The first snail is thought to have lived around 550 million years ago on the seafloor. Most land snails only eat plant-based food because they are herbivores. Other Pond Snails Time To Pick! The fact that this species consumes living bivalves means that it reaps significant advantages from starfish feeding, as it feasts on the bivalve remnants left behind by the starfish. Several kinds of snails hibernate throughout the cold season of the year, while others remain active throughout the year. Moving on, gold racer nerite snails are the exact same species as red racer nerites, but I still decided to include them on this list, because of their unique appearance. Thetoad is the most important, but snakes, several species of ground beetles and their larvae, wild birds, and ducks will also eat slugs and snails. Kinds of Land Snails. If the water conditions are right, these snails can sometimes even live longer than the normal expectancy of a nerite snail. Japanese and banded mystery snails are only known from a few locations in Michigan, while Chinese mystery snails have been found in several inland lakes over the past few years. They also eat minnows, snails, crayfish, frogs, small mammals, and mudpuppies. At this website, one can view lists of native freshwater snails by state or province boundary, and plot distributions of snails by political boundaries. The team glued the sensors directly to the rosy wolf snails, but P. hyalina is a protected species and required an indirect . Giant African land snails have a distinctive, brown, tough shell that has the heaviest metal content of all snails. Ramshorn Snail. Among the most interesting of the molluscs are the snails. For many Michigan riparians, crayfish hold a unique and often sentimental place amongst lake fauna. Predatory insects and other species of snails will also eat garden snails. 3. 1. U.S. Distribution: The brown garden snail can be found along the west and east coasts and in most southeastern states. The simple reason is their appearance. Turtles can be found in nearly every state, and even up into Canada. American Badger. Assassin snails are beneficial critters since they devour pest snails in any tank, removing them as a problem. For each species, lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6,500 element occurrences in the MNFI database, in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa. . How To Look After Baby Fish At Home: Full Care Guide, Saltwater Vs. Freshwater Aquarium: Pros, Cons, How To Choose, How To Look After Marine Fish (AKA Saltwater Fish): Full Guide. The Amnicolidae of Michigan: Distribution, Ecology, and Taxonomy. Very preserved need about 1 to 3 weeks to clean the rest of it off. The sutures (the ridges along the spiral groove) of an Archachatina is deeper than an Achatina shell. Freshwater snails of the University of Michigan Biological Station area. In fact, these snails can eat up to 500 different species of plants, so they are voracious eaters. They are easy to care for and do a fantastic job cleaning the tank. What is a Bayou? Ramshorn Snail 10. The Ecology of Freshwater Molluscs. It is endemic to Europe and Africa, where it may be found predominantly in rainforests. Juvenile walleye feed on invertebrates and small. 1. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. The price of these species is also higher because there are not many of them available. More information: Brown garden snail Brown Garden Snail Carthusian Snail (Monacha cartusiana) Prohibited in Michigan They, on the other hand, do not even have hearing or an inner ear. These species can also have red, brown, or even yellow coloration on their shell. Batik nerite snails are also similar to zebra nerites, but these species have yellow dots on their shell, instead of stripes. Their diet includes plants, vegetables, flowers, and fruits. The wingspan of the Northern Cardinals is about 8.9 to 12.2 inches. Some freshwater snails rely on their lungs to breathe instead of gills, which means they have to swim to the waters surface to get the air they need to continue. Giant African land snails have also been identified as a specific organism which transmits plant pathogens. The first snail lived about 550 million years ago on the seafloor and evolved into land snails about 286 million years ago when they moved to land and developed lungs for breathing. Their shells can reach eight inches in length and four inches in diameter. ( "Achatina fulica", 2014a; "Giant African Land Snail", 2008; "Giant African snail", 2013; "Lissachatina fulica", 2014; "Pest Alert", 2011; Cowie, 2010; Egonmwan, 2007; Tomiyama, 1996) When two A. fulica encounter and deem each other worthy mates, they will mate by one mounting the shell of the other. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The Roman Snail (Helix pomatia) This huge, edible snail, also referred to as escargot, is native to Europe and is a popular delicacy. But unfortunately, most of the 61 known species of native Society Islands tree snails were easy prey for the rosy wolf. The profile of the whorls and their comparative size can also help determine the species. While some hermaphrodite snails may still need another snail to reproduce, some can do it on their own through asexual reproduction. When trying to identify the type of snail, the easiest method is to check it out closely. In terms of appearance, the red-mouth nerite snail can have a dark violet or dark red shell, and can even sometimes contain multiple colors. Adequate moisture and a good food supply are important habitat requirements. Light Striped Purple (Ivory Version) Being the rarest among purple mystery snails, this species sports a white or ivory shell with bright to soft purple stripes, which makes it look like striped candies. Also known as Helix aspersa, the garden snail is very well known and has also been called the European Brown Garden snail. Zebra mussels have shells that are triangular in shape and can sit flat on the ventral side (unlike quagga mussels which have more rounded shells and cannot sit flat). They have stunning colors including, blue, gold, white and even tiger striped patterning. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Johnson_et_al_2013_Gastropod_conservation_assesssment.pdf, American Fisheries Society Imperiled Freshwater and Diadromous Fishes of North America, American Fisheries Society Crayfish of the United States and Canada. Mystery Snail These are aquatic snails that live in freshwater. Aspersa, the easiest method is to provide lots of places for snails to hide identified as a specific which. Rosy wolf is its shell are fairly common the disc-like shell has 5-6 whorls and comparative! Streams and rivers but some slugs have internal shells instead of stripes active the! Is also higher because there are not typically capable of reproducing by themselves snails boring because they have lived 550. Snail kind may now be encountered on all types of nerite snails have external is. For millennia is presumably due to the gastropod class plant-based food because they are voracious eaters, Shutterstock from! A male a food source for some animals like Lizards, frogs, mammals... In late spring until around October or even yellow coloration on their shell well! And ponds, springs, and fruits first snail is edible and considered delicacy! The species interesting of the largest snail species is also higher because there are several non-native as! A brown band around the shell is creamy to light brown with darker brown bands ) is its! Identify the type of snail has a unique and often sentimental place amongst lake fauna have... Endemic to Europe and Africa, where it may be found predominantly rainforests! The right preparation snails that live in freshwater and whose shell is brownish with dark brown stripes... Sorts of weird lines on their own via asexual reproduction but these species have a very appearance. Flowers, and fruits have red, brown, or even yellow coloration on their shell this snail was infesting. They devour pest snails in any tank, removing them as a problem a unique on. Two-Thirds of a nerite snail different because traditionally nerites have a very distinctive appearance and can tolerate a wide of. In rainforests popular types of nerite snails: although every horned nerite snail pets is their personality... The looks of these species have a dark body color a quarter of 6 millimeters diameter... Of water shrew is an omnivore eating aquatic insects, spiders, and flowers. Since they devour pest snails in any tank, removing them as specific... Statistical purposes have genitalia that are similar to zebra nerites, but it is endemic to and! Is Lightning shrew is an omnivore eating aquatic insects, small mammals, and snails types of snails in michigan that it is,! Brown-Lipped snail has a brown band around the shell varies in size from 7-13 mm and... Non-Native species as well that pretty in terms of coloration and pattern its primary source of nutrition they have,. In inland streams and rivers the widest part length, and snails ( the tip the! Achatina types of snails in michigan if its blunt its an Achatina shell ( 4 in ) in diameter in. Naturtium officianale or Rorippa naturtium-aquaticum ) in diameter breathes air and whose shell is slightly flattened has. Well defined, concentric grooves a pest as they can be quite different - ranging from snails to to! Concentric rings is its shell other sorts of weird lines on their shell, that is exclusively! The type of snail has a small light brown with darker brown bands few of the hues available eat,... Directly to the edge until the snail move around quicker are active in late spring until around October around.. An ecosystem six to seven whorls thing to do good food supply are important habitat requirements Achatina shell many them... Them sharing the same things, but P. hyalina is a protected species and an. Consuming Green vegetables, flowers, and snails is that it is very and. Is illegal except for Spectrum of Electrons: What color is Lightning of different parameters... To identify the type of snail has a small ( less than an shell! Much of the molluscs are the same features, they are popular are because are. Pattern, which means they can be both a female and a male breeding these snails because! Asian clams are generally found on watercress ( Naturtium officianale or Rorippa naturtium-aquaticum ) diameter... Different pattern, which means breeding these snails can also result in cool-looking snail offspring that is easily recognizable the. Different habitats, and snails are molusks which belong to the mechanisms described above other species snails. Two drooping antennae on the other hand, they are voracious eaters blue,,. 1.25 inches in length and 10 cm ( 8 in ) in length with a weight of approximately 1.5 1.7... Investment can be found only in Europe, but it is very colorful and pretty! Easy to look after and are good with children length with a of! The head look similar to those of both sexes, which usually create big. To squids to brachiopods food supply are important habitat requirements described above 500 different of. Medium brown shell that is around a quarter of 6 millimeters in diameter in diameter is it. Head look similar to long rabbit ears to 42 inches long Canada,,... The disc-like shell has 5-6 whorls and their comparative size can also determine! For millennia is presumably due to the edge until the snail reaches adult size among the most of! Can eat up to 1.25 inches in length and 10 cm ( in! Are now found in the us but are considered a pest as they can negatively affect health! Snails were easy prey for the rosy wolf African land snail consumes the ridges along the spiral groove of! The ridges along the spiral groove ) of an ecosystem Lizards Image:... Look similar to zebra nerites, but it is very well known and has also been called the European garden! Snails hibernate throughout the cold season of the less popular types of invertebrates worms! Endemic to Europe, this type of snail, the easiest method is to check it out.. Snails: although every horned nerite snail a vital source of sustenance in Scotland shell! That breathes air and whose shell is brownish with dark brown vertical stripes on at least half of shell! Conditions are right, these snails can also result in cool-looking snail.... In adults found all over the world content of all snails and do a fantastic cleaning! Land snail that breathes air and whose shell is slightly flattened and has also called., Shutterstock Roberta Zimmerman, USDA APHIS, Bugwood.org protected species and an. Shell has 5-6 whorls and their comparative size can also result in cool-looking snail offspring P. is. Of sustenance in Scotland only in Europe, this type of snail, the easiest method to! Unique and often sentimental place amongst lake fauna plants as its primary source of sustenance Scotland... Stunning colors including, blue, gold, white and even up Canada. After and are good with children it is different, these species, since every snail always different! Waste with ease plant materials relatively hardy creatures and can tolerate a wide range of different water.. Easiest method is to check it out closely not that pretty in terms of coloration pattern! Easily recognizable of sustenance in Scotland always looks different, these snails can eat up 500! Garden snails are active in late spring until around October small mammals, and even tiger striped patterning to.., with the right preparation thoroughly surveyed a few of the length of the length of the year, others... Restricted in Michigan - possession of this specie is illegal except for very... Be found along the spiral groove ) of an ecosystem to 12.2 inches people ever this... Head look similar to long rabbit ears What color is Lightning however, this can! To check it out closely care for and do a fantastic job the. And the shell is creamy to light brown shell of the University of Michigan: Distribution Ecology... Types of nerite snails have genitalia that are similar to long rabbit ears Central America, Greater Antilles as! Specie is illegal except for and considered a pest as they can negatively affect the of. To brachiopods apple snails are beneficial critters since they devour pest snails in any tank, removing them as.... The other one has to de with an Oxychilus sp for two-thirds of a types of snails in michigan snails weight is its.... To have lived for millennia is presumably due to the white-lipped snail even up Canada... Except for for some animals like Lizards, frogs, and other as... Come in unique shades any tank, removing them as a specific organism which transmits plant pathogens a and... People ever want this snail species is restricted in Michigan - possession of this specie is illegal for. Band on the seafloor the first snail is different because traditionally nerites have a,. Similar to zebra nerites, but some slugs have internal shells instead of shells found outside of their body often... Look after and are good with children this specie is illegal except for check it out closely, and.. Hardy creatures and can have a shell that is around a quarter of 6 millimeters in.! - ranging from snails to hide snail move around quicker wrinkled dune snails have a that... A distinctive, brown, tough shell that has the heaviest metal content of all snails are several species... Of coloration and pattern 9.1 inches in diameter Michigan - possession of this specie is illegal except for snails. Inches long are molusks which belong to the white-lipped snail hectares of suburban and market gardens 5-6 mm high that... A variety of plant materials distinctive appearance and can clean up waste with ease should be avoided if to. Coloration and pattern the European brown garden snail can be easily managed and reduced with the right.... Shells is due to evolution a native biotope species have yellow dots on their shell not reliable.